They most important differences are in the lift, which is in the amount the valves are lifted from the seat and the duration the valves are opened for by the camshafts along with overlap of the valves which mean both are open together at the same time.
From stage 1 to 3 you increase in lift and duration. Lower duration cams improve low-end torque while whilst the higher duration cams improve top-end power.
Stage 1's don't require too much in the way of supporting mods, stage 2's need compression raised by swapping pistons and suitable springs, retainers and valves and stage 3's need a lot of work and wouldn't really be suitable for street use with a rubbish idle etc. Just have a look on the internet and you'll find some info on them.